Biographical information: Name - Alexandra Mikhailovna Kollontai Born - March 31st 1872 in St. Petersburg Died - March 9th 1952 in Moscow Occupation – Russian communist revolutionary, Soviet Ambassador to Norway Family background: Kollontai was born to a relatively wealthy family. Biography 08/03/20 Alexandra Kollontai: the fate of the first free women in the USSR Alexandra Kollontai – first female Commissar, a fighter for the liberation of women. The couple appeared quite oddly assorted: she was a Menshevik intellectual, of noble origins, thirteen years older than him; he was a self-taught metalworker from provincial Russia and a Bolshevik leading exponent of some prominence. She became pregnant soon … [h], Three years earlier, in 1926, when she was requested to write her own autobiography for a series on famous women by Munich publisher Helga Kern, she deemed it necessary to completely revise the first draft of her work she had handed over to the publisher, by deleting practically all references to 'dangerous' topics, as well as the parts mentioning or just hinting at her former critical positions and those having a personal nature that might be regarded as forms of self-celebration. She was badly shaken by having teetered dangerously close to expulsion, and regarded the idea of being excluded from the 'revolutionary community of the elect' as a real 'nightmare'. She was an actress and writer, known for Red Love (1982) and Revolutionens kvinnor (2006). Kollontai was the subject of the 1994 TV film, A Wave of Passion: The Life of Alexandra Kollontai, with Glenda Jackson as the voice of Kollontai. Alexandra Kollontai, Writer: Red Love. Cathy Porter is a translator, teacher, and researcher on Russian history. Another of Kollontai's half-nephews (the son of her eldest half-sister Adèle), who was an out-and-out Bolshevik from 1917, committed suicide in 1931. "[52] In number 18 of her Theses on Communist Morality in the Sphere of Marital Relations, Kollontai argued that "...sexuality is a human instinct as natural as hunger or thirst.". She was a champion of women's liberation and an advocate of free love, and later came to be recognized as a key figure in Marxist feminism. This is the first time that the complete autobiography whichAlexandra Kollontai wrote in 1926 has been published. Rudolf Samoylovich Alexandra Kollontai Paul Oras 1928.jpg 1,392 × 1,084; 728 KB [36] In her defensive speech before the Congress, Kollontai emphasized her loyalty to the party and her devotion to giving the leading role in the party and outside it to the working class, she proclaimed her full observance of the previous year's decree on party unity, and concluded: 'If there is no place for this in our party, then exclude me. 19 March] 1872 in St. Petersburg. 31 de março / jul. Aleksandra Mikhaylovna Kollontay, née Domontovich, (born March 31 [March 19, Old Style], 1872, St. Petersburg, Russia—died March 9, 1952, Moscow), Russian revolutionary who advocated radical changes in traditional social customs and institutions in Russia and who later, as a Soviet diplomat, became the first woman to serve as an accredited minister to a foreign country. Alexandra Kollontai (Alexandra Domontovic; Saint Petersburg, 1872-Moscow, 1952) Soviet politics.Daughter of a general assistant to the Tsar, upon finishing her studies in Switzerland she joined the socialist movement and joined the Russian Social Democratic Workers' Party, within which she was active, first of all, in the Bolshevik current, to immediately pass to the Menshevik tendency. Free shipping. What can I do about this? Predictably, the appeal of the 22 was unsuccessful. factories. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree.... Meet extraordinary women who dared to bring gender equality and other issues to the forefront. To the Woman Worker, MP3 Audio of Kollontai speaking. Under Communism, both men and women would work for, and be supported by, society, not their families. It bore the title The Soviet Woman — a Full and Equal Citizen of Her Country, and praised the Soviet Union's advances of women's rights, while simultaneously emphasizing a view of the role of women in society at odds with her previous writings on women's liberation. She was an actress and writer, known for Red Love (1982) and Revolutionens kvinnor (2006). Alexandra Kollontai: A Biography: Porter, Cathy, Soudek, Natasha: Amazon.sg: Books. She is the author of Fathers and Daughters: Russian Women in Revolution and translator of Alexandra Kollontai's Love of Worker Bees . [16] Alexandra became pregnant soon after her marriage and bore a son, Mikhail, in 1894. Nevertheless, despite subsequent misunderstandings with the former leaders of the Workers' Opposition and Kollontai's own resentment at their having renounced the pamphlet she had written to support the faction, on 5 July 1921 she tried again 'to help [them] by speaking on their behalf to the Third Congress of the Comintern'. She spoke French with her mother and sisters, English with her nanny, Finnish with the peasants at a family estate inherited from her maternal grandfather in Kuusa (in Muolaa, Grand Duchy of Finland), and was a student of German. In 1898 she left little Mikhail with her parents to study economics in Zürich, Switzerland, with Professor Heinrich Herkner. Media in category "Alexandra Kollontai" The following 36 files are in this category, out of 36 total. She subsequently joined the People’s Commissariat for Foreign Affairs (1922) and was assigned to the posts of minister to Norway (1923–25), to Mexico (1926–27), to Norway again (1927–30), and to Sweden (1930–45). Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. At the end of the book thereare pages of notes, a bibliography section and an index of word references. The resurgence of radicalism in the 1960s and the growth of the feminist movement in the 1970s spurred a new interest in the life and writings of Alexandra Kollontai all around the world. She was the only member of the Bolsheviks' Central Committee that had led the October Revolution who managed to live into the 1950s, other than Stalin himself and his devoted supporter Matvei Muranov. Домонто́вич; 31. maaliskuuta (J: 19. maaliskuuta) 1872 Pietari – 9. maaliskuuta 1952 Moskova) oli venäläinen marxilainen kirjailija, feministi ja diplomaatti. Alexandra Kollontai 1872-1952. Anne McShane for Jacobin, “Women at the Heart of the Revolution,” Aug, 2019. The biography does not deal with Kollontai's support for the Bolsheviks against workers, so we have added two examples at the end of the text. Es wird sicherlich noch mal Hilfe brauchen. Alexandra Kollontai: A Biography. They were still in contact during early 1930s when Kollontai lived abroad in a sort of diplomatic exile, and Shliapnikov was going to be executed during the Soviet purges. [32], During the tenth party congress, internal factions were banned and the Workers' Opposition was dissolved with immediate effect, after which Kollontai was more or less politically sidelined. In political life, Kollontai increasingly became an internal critic of the Communist Party[20] and at the end of 1920 she sided with the Workers' Opposition, a left-wing faction of the party that had its roots in the trade union milieu and was led by Shlyapnikov and by Sergei Medvedev. Alexandra Kollontai died in Moscow on 9 March 1952, less than a month from her 80th birthday. She traveled across western Europe and became acquainted with Karl Kautsky, Clara Zetkin, Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht,[d] among others. She was married to Pavel Dybenko and Vladimir Ludvigovich Kollontai. Kollontai was the subject of the 1994 TV film, A Wave of Passion: The Life of Alexandra Kollontai, with Glenda Jackson as the voice of Kollontai. Similarly, their children would be wards of, and reared basically by society. Amazon.com: Alexandra Kollontai: A Biography (Audible Audio Edition): Cathy Porter, Natasha Soudek, Audible Studios: Audible Audiobooks Its defeat established a precedent for suppressing dissent within the party, thus enabling Joseph S…, Russian Social-Democratic Workers’ Party, Marxist revolutionary party ancestral to the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. [28] According to John Simkin, on 27 February 1921 trade unionists supporting the Workers' Opposition published a proclamation calling for 'freedom of speech, press and assembly for all who labour', and for the 'liberation of all arrested Socialists and non-partisan workers. Cart All. However, she also praised parental attachment: "Communist society will take upon itself all the duties involved in the education of the child, but the joys of parenthood will not be taken away from those who are capable of appreciating them. Alexandra Kollontai died in Moscow on 9 March 1952, less than a month away from her 80th birthday. Alexandra Kollontai. Alexandra Kollontai was born on March 31, 1872 in Saint Petersburg, Russian Empire as Alexandra Mikhailovna Domontovich. In the latter half of 1922 she wrote a "personal letter" to the newly appointed General Secretary of the Central Committee and her recent inquisitor, Joseph Stalin, asking to be sent on a mission abroad. Read reviews from world’s largest community for readers. However, this does not mean that she advocated casual sexual encounters; indeed, she believed that due to the inequality between men and women that persisted under socialism, such encounters would lead to women being exploited, and being left to raise children alone. Her mother bitterly scoffed at the notion: You work! Italian writer and former communist leader Ignazio Silone later recounted that, on his departure from Moscow in 1922, Kollontai jokingly warned him not to believe any news of her being arrested for stealing Kremlin silverware, saying that such news could only mean that she was "not entirely in agreement with [Lenin] about some little problem of agricultural or industrial policy. Alexandra Kollontai, Writer: Red Love. The daughter of an Imperial Russian Army general, Kollontai embraced radical politics in the 1890s and joined the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP) in 1899. She devoted her time to reading radical populist and Marxist political literature and writing fiction. Jenny Morrison writes that "she lived the last 20 years of her life in constant fear of assassination or imprisonment". Her father, General Mikhail Alekseevich Domontovich, served as a Calvary officer in the Russo-Turkish … Domontovitš, ven. [35] At the Eleventh Party Congress (March–April 1922), Kollontai, Shlyapnikov and Medvedev were charged with having insisted on factional work and a three-man commission, Stalin, Zinoviev and Dzerzhinsky, recommended the "unrepentant" three be purged from the party. Alexandra Mikhailovna Kollontai (Russian: Алекса́ндра Миха́йловна Коллонта́й, née Domontovich, Домонто́вич; 31 March [O.S. Alexandra Kollontai. She worked tirelessly all her life as a speaker, writer, and organizer for women's emancipation. [15], Her parents forbade the relationship and sent Alexandra on a tour of Western Europe in the hope that she would forget Vladimir, but the pair remained committed to one another despite it all and married in 1893. In this updated biography, Cathy Porter draws from memoirs, diary entries, and letters to paint a very complex picture of a somewhat neglected historical figure. Account & Lists Account Returns & … She became commissar for public welfare in the Bolshevik government that assumed power after the October Revolution (1917) and used her position to remodel Russian society, advocating the practice of free love, the simplification of marriage and divorce procedures, the removal of the social and legal stigma attached to illegitimate children, and various improvements in the status of women. It is a well-known fact that the Soviet Union has achieved exceptional successes in drawing women into the active construction of the state. She went into exile, to Germany, in 1908[21] after publishing "Finland and Socialism", which called on the Finnish people to rise up against oppression within the Russian Empire. [9] Her relationship with her mother, for whom she was named, was more complex. You, who are just like your father, going around dreaming and leaving your books on every chair and table in the house! Revolutionär. [49] The quote "...the satisfaction of one's sexual desires should be as simple as getting a glass of water"[50] is often mistakenly attributed to her. See all 5 - All listings for this product. Obzor Russko-Turet︠s︡koĭ voĭny 1877-1878 gg. In 1915, she broke with the Mensheviks and became a member of the Bolsheviks. She worked tirelessly all her life as a speaker, writer, and organizer for women's emancipation. 31 Maart 1872] 19 Maart 1872 – † 9 Maart 1952) was 'n Marxistiese rewolusionêr, eers as 'n lid van die Mensjewiste, en van 1915 af as 'n Bolsjewis (later Kommunisties).. Aleksandra Kollontai was born Aleksandra M. Domontovich on April 1, 1872, in St. Petersburg. "[49] Kollontai believed that, like the state, the family unit would wither away once the second stage of communism became a reality. There was order in everything: to tidy up toys myself, to lay my underwear on a little chair at night, to wash neatly, to study my lessons on time, to treat the servants with respect. In 1905, Kollontai was a witness to the popular uprising known as Bloody Sunday at Saint Petersburg in front of the Winter Palace. It might not have been pure chance if both her only son[l] and her musician half-nephew[m] (whom she had much supported at the beginning of his career) also came unscathed through the persecution of the Stalinist regime, to the establishment of which she had, however, significantly contributed.[n]. Her affiliation with the Workers’ Opposition—a group within the Communist Party (Bolsheviks) that demanded greater democracy within the party and a more decisive role for workers in party affairs—won her personal popularity among the general party membership but prompted the Central Committee to attempt her expulsion from the party. '[37] Eventually, a resolution was passed allowing the three to remain in the party unless they committed further violations of its discipline. Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. [g] Kollontai retired in 1945. Variants were indicatedin footnotes which likewise were rejected and crossed out. [41] When Kollontai was in Stockholm, the Winter War between Russia and Finland broke out; it has been said that it was largely due to her influence that Sweden remained neutral. Alexandra Kollontai’s life began on March 19, 1872. [18] Marxism, with its emphasis on the class consciousness of factory workers, the revolutionary seizure of power, and the construction of modern industrial society, held sway with Kollontai as with so many of her peers of Russia's radical intelligentsia. [27] On 25 January 1921, "Pravda" published a pamphlet by Kollontai, bearing the title The Workers' Opposition, which advocated unionized workers' control over economic activity management and blamed bourgeois and bureaucratic influences over Soviet institutions and the party itself. The degree of her adherence to the prevailing ideas of the Stalinist regime, whether it was spontaneous or not, may be gauged from the opening of an article she wrote in 1946 for a Russian magazine. Stasova began to use Kollontai as a courier, transporting parcels of illegal writings to unknown individuals, which were delivered upon utterance of a password.[19]. Short biography of the Bolshevik feminist Alexandra Kollontai who played a crucial role in the Workers Opposition movement. The source does not mention the suicide's name, but, according to the Russian Wikipedia, the name of the only male child of Adèle (Аглаиде) and, On the other hand, Kollontai is rather unlikely to have ever been so quiet and safe during the Terror. Alexandra Kollontai - Biography. During late April 1943, Kollontai may have been involved in abortive peace negotiations with Hans Thomsen, her German counterpart in Stockholm. Their romantic relationship came to an end in July 1916, but evolved thereafter into a long-lasting friendship as they wound up sharing many of the same general political views. Be the first to write a review. After her release, Kollontai traveled to Norway, where she at last found a socialist community that was receptive to her ideas. na Balkanskom poluostrovi︠e︡ (St. Petersburg: V. Gosudarstvennoi tipografii, 1900) (. [51] This is likely a distortion of the moment in her short story "Three Generations" when a young female Komsomol member argues that sex "is as meaningless as drinking a glass of vodka [or water, depending on the translation] to quench one's thirst. Kollontai's first activities were timid and modest, helping out a few hours a week with her sister Zhenia[citation needed] at a library that supported Sunday classes in basic literacy for urban workers, sneaking a few socialist ideas into the lessons. Her father served as a cavalry officer in the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)(sometimes referred to as the Bulgarian War of Independence). Alix Holt (editor), Selected Writings of Alexandra Kollontai (Norton paperback, 1980) Cathy Porter, Alexandra Kollontai – A Biography (Haymarket paperback, 2014) Online articles – The Alexandra Kollontai article in Wikipedia is very thorough. Accused of neglecting her official duties because of a love affair, she escaped execution only through Vladimir Lenin’s intervention. 19 March] 1872 – 9 March 1952) was a Russian revolutionary, politician, diplomat and Marxist theoretician. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. Born Alexandra Domontovich in 1872, her father was a former tsarist general, her mother the daughter of a minor nobleman. She was appointed Minister for Social Welfare in the first socialist government. [6] Russian opera singer Yevgeniya Mravina (stage name) was Kollontai's half-sister via her mother. In her speech, she bitterly attacked the New Economic Policy proposed by Lenin, warning that it 'threatened to disillusion workers, to strengthen the peasantry and petty bourgeoisie, and to facilitate the rebirth of capitalism'. Kollontai, Alexandra. [42] After the war, she received Vyacheslav Molotov's praises. 265 e 270). She later recalled: My mother and the English nanny who reared me were demanding. [12] Instead, Alexandra was to be allowed to take an exam to gain certification as a school teacher before making her way into society to find a husband, as was the custom.[12]. Everyday low prices and free delivery on eligible orders. And, it has been noted, at the time she "was safe in her sumptuous Stockholm residence". In 1919 she became the first female government minister in Europe. Alexandra Kollontai was born on March 31, 1872 in Saint Petersburg, Russian Empire as Alexandra Mikhailovna Domontovich. Lokaneeta, Jinee (2001), "Alexandra Kollontai and Marxist Feminism". 19 de março de 1872 — Moscovo, 9 de março de 1952) foi uma líder revolucionária russa e teórica do marxismo, membro do partido bolchevique e militante ativa durante a Revolução Russa de 1917, no curso da qual ela foi a … Kollontai admonished men and women to discard their nostalgia for traditional family life. Medvedev, and later Aleksandra Kollontay, not only objected to the subordination of the trade unions but also insisted that the unions, as the institutions most directly representing the proletariat, should control the national economy and individual enterprises. Alexandra Kollontai was born on March 31, 1872 in Saint Petersburg, Russian Empire as Alexandra Mikhailovna Domontovich. Biography Image Gallery Intro to Alexandra Kollontai. The daughter of a general in the Imperial Russian Army, Aleksandra Mikhaylovna married an army officer, Vladimir Mikhaylovich Kollontay. item 6 Alexandra Kollontai: A Biography by Cathy Porter (English) Paperback Book Free S 6 - Alexandra Kollontai: A Biography by Cathy Porter (English) Paperback Book Free S. $22.85. Alexandra Kollontai (1872-1952) was a significant figure in the Bolshevik party during the Russian Revolution. Aleksandra Mihailovna Kollontai (ven. [17], While Kollontai was initially drawn to the populist ideas of a restructuring of society based upon the Mir commune, she soon abandoned this for other revolutionary projects. Being sent abroad in a sort of de facto exile for over twenty years, Kollontai gave up "her fight for reform and for women, retreating into relative obscurity"[44] and bowing to the new political climate. She was the only woman member of the highest body of the Russian Bolshevik Party in the crucial year of 1917. Alexandra Mikhailovna Kollontai (Russian: Алекса́ндра Миха́йловна Коллонта́й , née Domontovich, Домонто́вич; 31 March [O.S. [24] In 1917, Kollontai left Norway to return to Russia upon receiving news of Tsar's abdication and the onset of the Russian Revolution. For my part, I have put my principles aside in a corner of my conscience and I pursue as best I can the policies they dictate to me". Buy Alexandra Kollontai: A Biography Revised by Porter, Cathy (ISBN: 9781608463688) from Amazon's Book Store. [11] Alexandra sought to continue her schooling at a university, but her mother refused her permission, arguing that women had no real need for higher education, and that impressionable youngsters encountered too many dangerous radical ideas at universities. [f], After the Eleventh Congress, Kollontai became a political outcast. 'Misha' Kollontai managed to live most of his time in the United States where he worked as an engineer; meanwhile his mother raised her grandson Vladimir Mikhailovich in Sweden (Clements, p. 251). Exiled from Russia in 1908, Kollontai toured Western Europe and the United States and advocated against participation in the First World War. Updates? Corrections? "[39], During this time, Kollontai was also in the process of a painful divorce from her second husband, Pavel Dybenko, which made her want a change of scenery. She was married to Pavel Dybenko and Vladimir Ludvigovich Kollontai. Serving as the People's Commissar for Welfare in Vladimir Lenin's government in 1917–1918, she was a highly prominent woman within the Bolshevik party and the first woman in history to become an official member of a governing cabinet.[1]. One cannot go against the 'apparatus'. Thesentences and paragraphs in italics were crossed out in thegalleyproofs and left out in her time. [8], The saga of her parents' long and difficult struggle to be together in spite of the norms of society would color and inform Alexandra Kollontai's own views of relationships, sex, and marriage. She was briefly married to a czarist officer but soon separated from him and … A life of socialist struggle . Alexandra Mikhailovna Kollontai (Russian: Алекса́ндра Миха́йловна Коллонта́й — née Domontovich, Домонто́вич; March 31 [O.S. Alexandra Mikhailovna Kollontai (Russies: Алекса́ндра Миха́йловна Коллонта́й — née Domontovich, Домонто́вич; * [O.S.D. Anne McShane for Jacobin, “Women at the Heart of the Revolution,” Aug, 2019. Kollontai retired from diplomatic service in 1945 and died in Moscow in 1952. She then paid a visit to England, where she met members of the British socialist movement, including Sidney and Beatrice Webb. [46][47] She criticized bourgeois feminists for prioritizing political goals, such as women's suffrage, that would provide political equality for bourgeois women but would do little to address the immediate conditions of working-class women, and was further distrustful that bourgeois champions of feminism would continue to support their working class counterparts after succeeding in their struggle for "general women's" rights, as exemplified by the following quote: Class instinct – whatever the feminists say – always shows itself to be more powerful than the noble enthusiasms of "above-class" politics. Die Situation der Frau in der gesellschaftlichen Entwicklung: Vierzehn Vorlesungen vor Arbeiterinnen und Bäuerinnen. [4] Theresa Malkiel, ‘Where Do We Stand on the Woman Question?’ International Socialist Review, 10, August 1909, p.160, p.161. Although the group received substantial support from the rank-and-file party membership, no…, Workers’ Opposition, in the history of the Soviet Union, a group within the Communist Party that achieved prominence in 1920–21 as a champion of workers’ rights and trade union control over industry. March 19] 1872 – 9 March 1952) was a Russian Communist revolutionary, first as a member of the Mensheviks, then from 1914 on as a Bolshevik. She became arguably the most influential female in the new Soviet society. In 1890 or 1891, Alexandra, aged around 19, met her cousin and future husband, Vladimir Ludvigovich Kollontai (9 July 1867 – July/August 1917), an engineering student of modest means enrolled at a military institute. a biography of the day--alexandra kollontai. Biographical information: Name - Alexandra Mikhailovna Kollontai Born - March 31st 1872 in St. Petersburg Died - March 9th 1952 in Moscow Occupation – Russian communist revolutionary, Soviet Ambassador to Norway Family background:
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